- Self-esteem based primarily of self-in-relationship
- Stress reactions
- Denial or minimization of violence
- Believes abuse is deserved and adjusts to 'normalize' the abuse and violence
Barriers to leaving:
- Frequency and severity of battering
- Battered person's childhood history of abuse
- Economic dependence
- Fear
- Isolation
- Beliefs about the batterer
- Religious beliefs
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